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We’re living in a golden age of affordable mechanical keyboards
Product Reviews

We’re living in a golden age of affordable mechanical keyboards

by admin September 23, 2025


The mechanical keyboard world has undergone a renaissance. Thanks to increased competition and commoditized tech, features that used to be exclusive to limited-run DIY boards in the $300-plus range just a few years ago are now available in prebuilt boards in the $100 to $200 range — sometimes less. The DIY kit builds, limited-run group buys, and boutique boards made by artisans are still innovating and pushing boundaries, and they’re great if you’re looking for something extra adventurous or very specific. But if you just want a great keyboard for not much money, no assembly required, your options are better than ever.

Here are a bunch of keyboards under $200(ish) we like, including boards we’ve been sent for review and some we’ve bought ourselves.

We’re not picking a “best,” because these are all bangers. Nor is this a comprehensive list: there are so many great keyboards in this price range it’d be impossible to test them all. These are just ones we like. They’re all affordable, feature-rich keyboards that are a great upgrade for most people — excellent for simply typing away and more than capable for gaming.

What we’re looking for (and what we prefer):

Typing feel and sound

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Switches, keycaps, and case and switch plate material all influence how a mechanical keyboard feels and sounds. Obviously, preference plays a big role here: some people like light switches and some like heavy ones; some like loud boards and some like quiet. But most people look for boards that aren’t actively annoying to them or the people around them.

Build quality and construction

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Plastic cases are totally fine, especially if you’re shopping for mechanical keyboards under $60 or need something lightweight for travel. But an aluminum chassis feels nicer and makes the keyboard less likely to slide around on your desk. It also affects the typing sound and feel, and typically for the better. Most of the boards on this list have layers of foam within the case to dampen and deepen the typing sound and reduce echo and ping, and many use gaskets to isolate metal case components from each other while offering a softer typing feel. This combo is a big reason cheaper keyboards have gotten so good. That used to be something you had to mod yourself, but now even big brands like Razer mimic it. (And you can still mod most prebuilt boards plenty if you’re the tinkering type.)

Size and layout

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Many of our picks are 75 percent layout or smaller, which saves space on your desk and brings your mouse hand closer to your body for better ergonomics. The 75 percent layout maintains arrow keys, some function keys, and a whole F row, while a 65 percent ditches the F row (you can still use them with a modifier key and number row). If you insist on a number pad, you can shop for similar full-size or 1800-layout options — though your selection will be more limited. Or you can get a wireless numpad and even use it to the left of your keyboard (now we’re talking).

Connectivity

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Most of the boards we recommend are wireless “tri-mode” boards, which means they work wired, via Bluetooth, or with a 2.4GHz USB adapter. A wired connection is the simplest and can have the fastest polling rate for gaming. Bluetooth lets you use the keyboard with multiple devices, while 2.4GHz dongles offer an alternative to Bluetooth and can have a much higher polling rate.

Customizability

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All mechanical keyboards come with removable keycaps. Replacing the keycaps is an easy way to customize your board, but we also looked for keyboards with hot-swap sockets. These sockets let you remove and replace the key switches without having to solder, so you can easily experiment with totally different typing experiences. We also look for the ability to remap key assignments and set up custom layers and shortcuts. VIA software support is ideal for the plug-and-play simplicity of its web-based interface, though decent proprietary software can be acceptable.

The Toyota Corolla of keyboards

$85

The Good

  • Nice, light typing feel
  • “Max” boards come in many layouts
  • Sub-legends for shortcut functions
  • Two USB receivers with storage

The Bad

  • Plastic case feels and sounds cheaper than metal keyboards
  • Stock Keychron blue keycaps are a bit boring

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.1, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: 60 percent, 65 percent, 75 percent, TKL, 1800, full size, 65 percent Alice, 75 percent Alice / Available layouts: ANSI, ISO / Switch options: Gateron Jupiter Red, Blue, Banana / Case colors: Black / Remapping software: VIA / Extras: Volume knob / Battery size: 4,000mAh

Keychrons are the Toyotas of the mechanical keyboard world: reliable and excellent for the money. And they come in just about every layout you can imagine. Southpaw Alice, anyone? The Q-series metal keyboards are among our personal favorites, but the cheaper, plastic-clad V series remains our go-to budget pick, and the V Max line adds 1,000Hz wireless connectivity.

The V1 Max is the 75-percent board in this lineup, and it’s a great value. I’d opt for the Gateron Jupiter Banana switches for a stronger tactile feel than the Browns. (You can get a bare-bones kit, but Keychron charges so little for caps and switches, you might as well get them.)

1/9The V1 Max looks like most other Keychrons, but a fresh set of keycaps can solve that. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

The Keychron is the most humdrum among our selection here — it’s available in any color you want, as long as it’s black — but you can’t go wrong with one. The V1 Max comes with modifier keycaps for both Windows and Mac, its battery lasts for days even while using its RGB backlighting, and it includes both USB-A and USB-C 2.4GHz dongles — with magnetic garages built into the chassis, ensuring you don’t misplace either.

The hot-on-TikTok keyboard

$119

The Good

  • Very satisfying “raindrop-like” sound
  • Lots of color options with matching keycap sets
  • Huge battery in Pro model

The Bad

  • Power button hidden under Caps Lock key
  • Opening the case for mods is laborious

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.0, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: 75 percent / Available layouts: ANSI (ISO requires alternate plate) / Switch options: HMX Violet (linear), Kailh Cocoa (linear) / Case colors: Black, silver, white, blue, pink, yellow, red, and limited-run variants / Remapping software: VIA / Battery size: 3,500mAh (Lite), 7,000mAh (Pro)

Wobkey’s Rainy 75 is one of a few keyboards that broke containment from the mech scene. It got big on TikTok thanks to videos highlighting its raindrops-on-a-window typing sound and vibey color options. If I close my eyes, I also imagine the sounds of marbles gently jostling in a small bag. It’s very satisfying to hear when rapidly typing, and its soft-but-not-too-light Kailh Cocoa linear switches feel pleasant as well.

It comes in three different versions: a $129 Lite model, a $139 Standard model, and a $159 Pro with double the battery capacity and Kailh Cocoa switches (the ones most associated with the Rainy’s distinctive sound). Each Rainy model supports Bluetooth and 2.4GHz connections and comes in a wide selection of charming colors, paired with clean-looking keycap sets.

1/8Simple and clean. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

You used to have to go to great lengths to get the kind of sound that the Rainy 75 delivers: trying lots of mods and seeking out just the right combination of switches, switch plate, and internal foam setup. Now, you can buy this board as is, plop it on your desk, and get a fantastic typing and auditory experience. It’s really impressive.

A beast of a budget aluminum board

$72

The Good

  • Crisp, poppy typing sound
  • Excellent value for a well built board
  • Magnetized storage slot for USB dongle

The Bad

  • Wisteria Tactile switch may be too loud for some
  • Proprietary software not as good as universal options like VIA

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.0, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: 75 percent / Available layouts: ANSI / Switch options: Epomaker Wisteria Linear, Wisteria Tactile, Zebra (linear) / Case colors: Silver / Remapping software: Proprietary / Extras: Volume knob / Battery size: 4,000mAh

The Epomaker P75 caused a stir among keyboard enthusiasts when it launched last year, offering tri-mode connectivity, a volume knob, three switch options, and a well-built aluminium chassis for just $100. It was an early sign we were hitting peak out-of-the-box keyboard. I picked one up myself for $80 during a Prime Day sale, and for that price, it blew me away.

I took a chance on the Wisteria tactile switches, which have a bright, poppy sound with strong tactile typing feedback. They’re not clicky switches, but they’re loud and proud. The P75 is one of the only keyboards I own that got on my wife’s nerves as she worked beside me during a hectic and long day, but it’s oh-so satisfying in short stints. The silver case is shinier than most matte-finish boards you normally find, but it could look right at home in front of a Mac Mini or other Apple-style silver peripherals (especially with the right keycaps). And the casing has a handy magnetic garage for easy storage of the 2.4GHz USB dongle — which I wish every keyboard had.

1/5Eighty bucks or less for this beauty? It still boggles my mind. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

Considering how aggressively priced the P75 is, it’d be easy to recommend it over even a people-pleaser like the Keychron. It comes with nicer keycaps and a much better metal chassis, after all. But its loudness and somewhat janky (though workable) remapping software holds it back slightly.

Note: Epomaker has informed us the P75 is no longer being manufactured, so whatever inventory retailers like Amazon still have is likely to be all that’s left. Though it does have an even cheaper cousin, the Epomaker x Aula F75, which is plastic-clad and seemingly the king of KeyboardTok. We haven’t tried one yet, but it’s often raved about by YouTubers for what it offers at under $60.

If you feel that you actually type faster on a laptop keyboard or you want a keyboard that travels easier, a low-profile mechanical keyboard could be right for you. They use shorter switches and much lower-height keycaps but with only slightly less key travel than regular mechanical switches. This yields a much more compact board while still offering most of the same benefits. While there are now many low-profile switch options, they still pale in comparison to the choice you have with standard switches and keycaps, and low-profile switches from different vendors usually aren’t cross-compatible.

The Lofree Flows and NuPhy Airs of the world have been mainstays of our mechanical keyboard buying guide, but we’ve got a couple of newer alternatives here worth checking out.

Flexible, with great looks and sound

$95

The Good

  • Great sound for a low-profile keyboard
  • LCD for settings or a custom GIF
  • Also works with standard-height switches and keycaps

The Bad

  • Power button hidden under right Shift key
  • Stabilizers slightly rattly on one of our test units

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.0, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: 75 percent / Available layouts: ANSI / Switch options: Aster low profile (linear) / Case colors: Beige, silver, white, black, blue, lavender / Remapping software: Proprietary / Extras: LCD screen / Battery size: 3,600mAh

The standard Chilkey ND75 is a great budget board in its own right, and the ND75 LP is a low-profile version. It’s a handsome little board that comes in a few fun colors, and it’s much easier to throw in your bag. That said, the low-profile switches that come with this board sound wonderfully clacky, though they’re not quiet, so the ND75 LP may not be the best choice for some offices. The included keycaps look sharp in their two-tone color schemes and are of nice quality, though unlike low-profile boards from NuPhy, Iqunix, and Lofree they lack sub-legends showing shortcut controls — like screen brightness, volume, and media playback. the ND75 LP has that functionality, but you’ll need to look up and memorize the shortcuts.

1/5Get low (profile). Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

The ND75 LP has a tiny screen you can use to toggle settings, or just display a looping GIF for funsies. And if you ever get tired of the low-profile feel, you can just swap in regular switches and keycaps — the ND75 LP is one of the few boards compatible with both low-profile and standard MX-compatible switches. Because why not?

A fun low-profile board I can roll with

$139

The Good

  • Great typing sound and feel
  • Nice design on the Pro versions
  • Excellent battery life
  • VIA programmable

The Bad

  • 75% and 96% layouts are a little cramped
  • No physical on/off switch (you have to hold Fn+Esc for 5 seconds)

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.1, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (Kailh Choc V2 only) / Available sizes: 65 percent, 75 percent, 96 percent / Available layouts: ANSI, ISO / Switch options: Gold Red switch / Case colors: Black, “ochre white” / Remapping software: VIA / Extras: Volume knob and media keys (Pro model only) / Battery size: 3,000mAh

I’ve tested a half-dozen keyboards with low-profile mechanical switches — including the ND75 LP and various Lofree Flow models — but the Iqunix Magi65 Pro is my favorite. Like the ND75 LP, it uses flat, uniform-profile keycaps, but because the MG65 Pro has a flatter typing angle and no function row, using it feels less like reaching uphill.

The Magi65 comes in two variants. There’s the regular Magi65 with a standard 65 percent layout, and the Pro. The Pro (which I prefer) adds a rolling volume encoder, X-shaped media keys, and a garage for its 2.4GHz dongle hidden beneath a magnetic cover plate, and it has an RGB light bar between the volume roller and media keys. I just think it’s neat.

The sound from its Gold Red linear switches give it a quieter, less poppy sound than the ND75 LP, and its number-row keycaps have Mac function-row sub-legends, which is handy. The Magi65 Pro also comes with a few bonus keycaps — both Mac and Windows modifier keys, and a few purely decorative keys, including two metal ones — and a coiled USB-C cable with faux-Lemo disconnect in it.

Add the facts that the Magi65 Pro is remappable using VIA, has hot-swap sockets that are compatible with any Kailh Choc V2 switches, and has battery life in the weeks and months with the backlight turned off, and you can maybe see why it’s my favorite low-profile board. Iqunix has since released both 75 percent and 96 percent layout versions in both Pro and regular iterations, which I haven’t tested. — Nathan Edwards, senior reviews editor

Gaming / Hall effect keyboards

Nearly any keyboard is fine for casual or enthusiast-level gaming. But if you’re serious about playing games competitively and seeking any edge you can get, then you want the fastest keyboard available. Even if, let’s be honest, it’s a bit of a placebo effect for many of us.

Generally, that means a keyboard that’s wired (for the fastest polling rate) with magnetic Hall effect switches (for a lightning-fast, user-programmable response time). The easy answer is to just get a Wooting keyboard, but there are some noteworthy alternatives for lower prices with some unique designs and builds.

A hot rod for esports-level gaming

$119

The Good

  • Super fast response time for high-level gaming
  • Unique open chassis design
  • Rock-solid build that’s also lightweight
  • Rotating gear for changing modes is a little silly but fun

The Bad

  • Not much potential for mods
  • Small (1U size) right Shift key
  • Wired only

Connectivity: Wired USB / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes, Hall effect (PCB compatibility unknown) / Available sizes: 63 percent / Available layouts: ANSI / Switch options: TTC King of Magnetic RGB / Case colors: Orange, silver, white, gray / Remapping software: Proprietary / Extras: Rotating sensitivity mode selector

One look at the Dry Studio Ice Ring 63 RT leaves almost anyone totally baffled. The whole chassis is open-air like a stripped-out race car, the bottom plate is a slab of aluminum for dissipating heat, and there’s a rotating gear jutting out its left side for tuning the responsiveness of the keys. It’s all kind of bizarre, but right on point for Angry Miao designs (Dry Studio’s parent brand).

This very compact, lightweight board goes hard for gaming — it even includes a padded travel case for competitions / LAN parties. The rotating gear’s sole purpose is to change the actuation point for the Ice Ring’s magnetic Hall effect switches. Turn the dial and the RGB light emanating underneath changes color to signify its preset mode: from a standard 2mm actuation point to an ultra-fast 0.1mm. The gaming modes also enable rapid trigger, allowing faster resetting of the key input as soon as your finger begins to lift.

1/11The Ice Ring also comes in silver, white, and titanium, but orange is obviously the correct color. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

The Ice Ring is a legit and unique competitor to the Wooting 60HE. Scott Kim of YouTube channel Keybored did a great deep-dive video showing how the Ice Ring’s design and engineering really does yield absurdly fast response times (even faster than Wooting’s) — in part thanks to the cooling of its heatsink-like bottom plate that helps prevent potential accuracy dropoff in Hall effect switches. Even if you’re not the most hardcore FPS gamer, this board is good, quirky fun. It doesn’t have a satisfying buttery sound like other keyboards we’ve outlined here, but it’s pleasant in its own way. And even with its hardcore design and rock-solid build, devoid of any flex or softness, it’s still nice to type on.

Gaming chops and great sound and feel

$175

The Good

  • Excellent typing sound for an HE board thanks to cork dampening layer
  • Support for 8,000Hz polling and 32,000Hz scan rate
  • Rapid trigger and customizable actuation point for fast-paced games

The Bad

  • Wired only
  • Decorative logo in corner looks like it should be an LCD

Connectivity: Wired USB / Keycaps: Double-shot PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (Hall effect switches only) / Available sizes: 75 percent / Available layouts: ANSI / Switch options: Gateron Magnetic Jade Pro / Case colors: Black, gray, white, pink / Remapping software: Proprietary

Now, if you want a great, affordable-ish Hall effect keyboard that does sound great, check out the Chilkey Slice75 HE. This wired-only HE board has much more conventional looks than the Dry Studio and a straightforward 75 percent layout. But what’s most unique about it is inside: a dampening layer made of cork instead of the typical foam. It helps yield a marbley sound, almost like the Rainy 75, but with the speedy and adjustable response of magnetic Hall effect switches. It’s got all the usual features of HE boards like the Ice Ring, including rapid trigger, adjustable actuation points, and even the ability to map multiple functions to one key depending on how far you press it.

1/6You never see the cork inside unless you open up the Slice75, but it’s like a secret weapon to this keyboard’s nice sound. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

Even setting aside all the hardcore gaming-focused features, I want to emphasize that the Slice 75 looks, sounds, and feels great. At $199, it’s pricier than all the other keyboards above, but I still think it’s a great value for its excellent sound and HE performance.

Some great step-up / mid-tier options

As with any hobby, even as things get cheaper and commoditized there’s always a way you can dive even deeper down rabbit holes — and of course spend more money. Since it feels like everyone and their mother now makes hot-swap gasket-mounted keyboards with foam inserts and a metal chassis, that also means the mid-to-high-tier board makers are likely to start experimenting with whatever the next hot new thing may be. And aside from being cutting-edge, the other draw of higher-end keyboards is the dizzying amount of ways you can customize and build them.

$160

The Good

  • Incredible build for under $200
  • Fantastic out-of-the-box sound and typing feel
  • Lots of color options with unique satiny chassis finish
  • Ball-catch quick-release case with hidden USB storage

The Bad

  • Only sold at specialized retailers

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.0, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Dye-sub PBT / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: TKL, 75 percent / Available layouts: ANSI / Switch options: Keygeek Oat linear, HMX Azure linear / Case colors: Black, purple, white, silver, pink, sand, red, light blue, cream, yellow / Remapping software: VIA / Extras: Magnetic ball-catch quick release / Battery size: 8,000mAh

Evoworks is a lower-cost sub-brand of Qwertykeys / Owlab, a company that’s made some of the best-quality, most trendsetting mechanical keyboards of the last handful of years. The Evoworks Evo80 is one of the nicest built mechs I’ve used — and I’ve tried some nice ones. The anodized metal case has a soft finish that feels so smooth and precious to the touch, I’d believe someone if they told me this keyboard cost well over $300 before even adding keycaps and switches. But it actually costs just $169.99 fully assembled with everything, including a massive battery and a decorative two-piece bottom weight plate.

1/7I can’t get over how pretty this thing is. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

The real juice of the Evo80, though, is its sound. You can pick from a low-pitched “thocky”-sounding model with Oat switches and polypropylene internal plate or a high-pitched clacky setup with azure switches and FR4 thermoplastic-based plate. I know us keyboard fans overuse the term thock, which is meant to represent the deepest of marble-y sounds, but the low-pitch version of the Evo80 I tested is an absolute delight. Compared to something like the Rainy 75, which is fantastic in its own right, the Evo80 has a noticeably deeper, heftier tone. It’s a bass to the Rainy’s tenor or P75’s alto. As much as I’ve grown fond of many other keyboards in the low-$100 range we’re covering here, it’s very hard not to look at the Evo80 or new Evo75 that just launched and think, “What’s another 50 bucks, right?”

$215

The Good

  • Near-endless customization
  • Easy access to mods with ball-catch quick-release case and PCB pogo pin connectors
  • Very high-quality build and excellent typing experience
  • GIFs on the LCD are fun

The Bad

  • Assembly required, taking time and effort to build
  • BYO switches and keycaps
  • Like many group buys, it can be hard to get
  • 2.4GHz USB had issues and required replacing

Connectivity: USB, BT 5.0, 2.4GHz / Keycaps: Not included / Hot-swappable: Yes (MX-compatible) / Available sizes: 65 percent, 75 percent, TKL, 98 percent / Available layouts: ANSI, ISO / Switch options: Not included / Case colors: Black, gray, lavender, purple, aquamarine, dark green, red, sky blue, pale green, brown, white, e-white / Remapping software: VIA / Extras: Magnetic ball-catch quick release, LCD screen / Battery size: 8,000mAh

Over in the build-your-own keyboard kit world, the Zoom series from Meletrix is one of the best of the mid-tier, starting at $200 and up. With so many great prebuilt options out there it might not sound logical to assemble your own keyboard, but a kit like the Zoom75 Tiga has near-endless possibilities. You determine its internal mounting method, type of switch plate (if you even put one in), and dampening material (like cork or foam). You can even set it up with alternative layouts like ISO or a split backspace key. And that’s before you choose your stabilizers, switches, and keycaps.

Building the Zoom75 Tiga took me a few hours. It’s been a few years since my last kit, so I’m a little rusty. But it wasn’t very difficult, and once assembled with its cork dampening kit, polyoxymethylene (POM) plate, and WS BigLucky linear switches, it felt like a fun project worth the time spent.

1/7The Tiga has many decorative elements, like its three-tone trim details on the sides and bottom, and a magnetic badge above the USB-C port. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

The Tiga, as I built it, sounds satisfyingly clacky but not overly bright or loud. But, keep in mind, you can change it whenever and however you want. It’s a time investment to strip down your keyboard and build it back up, but mid-tier boards like the Tiga (and even the Evo80) have new innovations to ease the pain, like a ball-catch quick-release top cover that releases with pressure instead of screws and magnetic pogo pin connectors instead of tiny ribbon cables for the PCB. The only downside of the Zoom75 was some spotty 2.4GHz wireless performance, requiring re-flashing the PCB and USB dongle firmware — eventually requiring a replacement USB dongle from Meletrix. (Users on the company’s Discord seemed to run into similar problems.)

That’s the risk with DIY kit boards: they’re infinitely customizable, but you can also run into small issues or quirks along the way (especially if you assembled it wrong). And customer support usually means troubleshooting in a Discord community. But if you’re the hobbyist type, the process can feel rewarding.

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September 23, 2025 0 comments
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Scientists Infuse Cement With Bacteria to Create Living Energy Device
Product Reviews

Scientists Infuse Cement With Bacteria to Create Living Energy Device

by admin September 11, 2025


Microbes are known for their remarkable survival abilities. And now, scientists have discovered another remarkable trait: Turning cement into an electricity storage device.

In a study published September 9 in Cell Reports Physical Science, researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark describe how they seeded a bacteria called Shewanella oneidensis into cement. These particular bacteria are known to be good at transferring electrons across surfaces, and the researchers wondered if they could act as an energy transporter in cement.

Indeed, the cement came to life, with the bacteria establishing a “network of charge carriers capable of both storing and releasing electrical energy,” the researchers explained in a statement. In other words, the cement could store and release electricity, a finding that could one day enable more sustainable buildings. Even better, the researchers found that even after the microbes died, the material could be reinvigorated by being fed nutrients.

An undead cement complex

When the microbes inevitably died, a simple trick literally brought them back to life. The team integrated a microfluidic network to supply the bacteria with nutrients, and the same channels could be used to “reawaken” the system, recovering up to 80% of the original energy capacity, according to the study.

“We’ve combined structure with function,” Qi Luo, study lead author and a civil engineer at Aarhus University, said.

“The result is a new kind of material that can both bear loads and store energy—and which is capable of regaining its performance when supplied with nutrients.”

The resulting material produces a hefty load of energy, the researchers said—even under stress. For instance, one stress test involved putting the cement in extreme temperature environments, which it endured with ease. And when the researchers connected six blocks of the cement, the structure generated enough power to switch on an LED light.

The future of sustainable building?

Cement is relatively cheap compared to most materials, making it easy to scale. The bacteria are also abundant in nature, meaning that the technology is sustainable at its core. That said, more work is needed to take what is a proof-of-concept paper through to being a market-ready material.

“We envision this technology being integrated into real buildings, in walls, foundations, or bridges, where it can support renewable energy sources like solar panels by providing local energy storage,” Luo said.

“Imagine a regular room built with bacteria-infused cement: even at a modest energy density of 5 Wh/kg, the walls alone could store about 10 kWh—enough to keep a standard enterprise server running for a whole day.”



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September 11, 2025 0 comments
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The new Skate made me want to skate, but it also made me want to get my camera and shoot - and it's all thanks to its new, living city
Game Updates

The new Skate made me want to skate, but it also made me want to get my camera and shoot – and it’s all thanks to its new, living city

by admin August 27, 2025


The new Skate game is free-to-play and pretty much massively multiplayer. It’s a cross-platform live service game to its core, and it drops you into a shared open-world map with up to 150 other skaters. And, as you might expect from all these things being name-checked, my first half hour with the game involved trying to understand a muddle of regular unlocks, an in-game currency, a levelling system, a fast travel system and various other bits of UI shenanigans.

Please note, EA has been clear from the off that the game’s real-money shop will only ever let players pay for cosmetics, which is great. The team’s promise is that you will not be able to buy power or pay to win. Even so, the onboarding still involves trips back and forth to an unlock shop, albeit one with a clever name I won’t spoil. It involves lots of freely dished-out in-game currency spent on boxes that, once opened, contain new clothes, skateboard art, levelling points and the odd new ramp or whatnot to drop into spots. But a lot of it went over my distracted head. It’s Skate, but even when you’re dealing with just in-game currency, this really isn’t the skating part.


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Luckily, none of this matters. Skate’s trajectory for me at least involved half an hour of muddling through all of this stuff before learning that the game, as is so often the case with skating, is a two-step affair. You move around the level – in this case an entire open-world city called San Vansterdam – completing challenges to unlock missions that take you out across the sights and introduce you to a council of skating elders who run the place. But what you’re really learning, what I’m really learning, is to step away from all that and just enjoy freeform skating, with the flips, grabs and other tricks the legendary Flick-It system is so good at conjuring. All of this unspooling in a bright, cheerful world that’s perfectly made to be skated over and under, around and around. I was learning to leave the game stuff behind and just play.

To this end, Skate is a game that wants to distract you. It wants to trick you into finding your own path through it. This clicked for the first time when I left behind the AR trail that lead me to the next bit of official business and just started to climb. The new Skate has a lot of off-board stuff, largely revolving around gentle parkour. There was a building behind me at the time – a huge tower with a Miami white facade and grass sections growing on it. These grass sections had Zigzag metal planters set through them that looked pretty useful. I climbed for a few minutes and suddenly I had what I didn’t know I had wanted: a view over a huge stretch of city. Then I pulled up the map and saw there were some stunt challenges nearby. So off I went. The pleasures of distraction!

Stunt challenges are those hilarious chaotic challenges that are less about skating and more about chucking yourself into the abyss for points. In one, I had to just bounce my way down a skyscraper hoping to land in a dumpster. In another, a while later, I had to plummet for a while, then get on my board, then do a grab and a flip trick and land somewhere fiercely specific. These things are just lovely: five to ten to thirty minutes of comical bone-shredding failure followed by an exhilarating one-shot success. Stunting!

Skate seems filled with these things – challenges, of course, and of all different types and often rotating in and out with the passing of time. But also just stuff. On a radial dial you can access a video editor for cutting together and exporting clips of your tricks. There’s also a music system that allows you to literally grab in-game tracks as you pass them in the world and hold onto them and probably whack them into playlists. There’s also a Quick Drop editor which allows you to add ramps and rails and what-have-you to make your own spot pretty much anywhere on the map. All of this before, you know, the massively multiplayer bit and the 150 other players sharing the city with you.

Flick-It real good. | Image credit: EA

At the core of it all, however, is Skate’s legendary Flick-It system. The system in which you ping the right stick around in different directions to pull off different tricks. This has been part of Skate since the start, and the current Skate team talks about it with a certain reverence. In fact, Skate’s executive producer Mike McCartney (no relation), explains to me that, back in the day, Flick-It was fun before it even had much of a game to sit within.

“Basically, the idea was, when we first designed the Flick-It system, the first prototype that we made was a text-based prototype where you input it into the on the controller,” he says. “And it would just say ‘Ollie’ on screen. Or ‘Kick Flip’, or ‘Heel Flip’ or whatever. And as we added tricks, we kept checking that to see if the fidelity was good and it was recognizing the proper tricks.

“And as a team, one of the early things that we did was we played games of SKATE,” McCartney continues, “where I do a trick and then you have to match that trick. So we would play games of SKATE on this prototype, and we were having fun as a team doing that, even without an actual character or a skateboard or physics or anything. We were having fun and laughing and joking around. That was sort of the spark that sort of kicked off, like, ‘Hey, I think we got something here with this, with this core toy.'”

Flick-It is still effortless fun, allowing you to make even the quietest moment into a few seconds of something cool happening at board level. It’s great for practicing and it’s great for showing off to other players. But, speaking of other players, it’s interesting to me that I’ve spent my most memorable moments so far in this busy game on my own.

San Vansterdam is huge, healthy, and hopeful. | Image credit: Full Circle

Example: there’s a lovely mission about an hour in that just has you skating from one spot in the city to another to get a sense of the place, and tricking and earning points as you go. The area I started in is a kind of cross between downtown LA on a gloriously unbusy day and somewhere like Seattle with the skyscrapers running up against the water. There are lovely plazas to uncover. There are buildings to climb and maybe chain moves between. There’s a genuine sense of place to these areas.

Threading through the whole thing, meanwhile, is the Skateway, a looping track that’s based on New York’s Highline park, and which allows you to mobius your way around a pretty large open world without resorting to fast travel spots.

The open world aspect of Skate is important, and it’s fascinating to me, too. Because in skating games, an open world is more than a place to move from A to B through, and more than a place in which to mount a series of bespoke missions. It’s a place to dawdle in and doodle around on a board, looking for lines on even the most forgettable and unpromising of street corners. It’s a place to stop and linger, a place where anywhere could suddenly become somewhere special, just because you’ve decided to hang out there.

This stuff is tricky, I imagine. And when I put this to Jeff Seamster, the head of creative on Skate, he agrees. And he suggests it’s all about creating connections – or the possibilities for connections in each part of the world.

“A lot of it is created where our world design team and our world art team will sort of move through the world and let the opportunities speak to them,” Seamster explains. “It’s not a thing where we’re just having you FedEx [yourself] around the whole world. It’s like: okay, let’s make sure that there’s a clear line to get from here to here to here to here to here to here to here.

“It’s very much about creating these places with a lot of rich moments and environments,” he says. “And sometimes they can be really small, like it can just be like a corner of a stair, and it’s just like: man, people are going to just session the hell out of this place! And we’re talking about this tiny piece of the world. If you think about the scope and the scale of a Spider-Man [game] or whatever else, this is a thing that flicks by in a moment.

“But our game is much more about this almost intimate connection to the city. And there are even places where we will look around the world and decide, this is just going to be a great place to hang out. So it’s not necessarily designed for action, but we want places where players can hang out, chit-chat together, watch other players session a spot. So we’ll have these perches that are there around the world. This is just a great place to meet up, and they have landmark design around them.”

Lip service. | Image credit: EA

Skate’s open world will also change over time. I’m picturing something a bit like Fortnite. Skate will have seasons that all come with their own themes to their additions and tweaks. (It will also have a Skate Pass, which is essentially a Battle Pass, right down to the paid and unpaid tiers.) It’s going to be fascinating to see San Vansterdam change in that shoemaker’s elves way that Fortnite changes. It’s clear that the team wants this to be a place where people come to just hang out, as they do in Fortnite. To this end, along with Seamster’s perches, there’s even a spectator mode, which allows you to just zone out and watch any of the skaters on your server doing their tricks.

A lot of time has passed since the last Skate game. And what’s interesting is that it’s very clear now that this kind of game is not a million miles away from the current cozy game phenomenon. Like a lot of cozy games, it’s about enjoying the beauty of a game world and slowing down to let the moments find you.

Real talk: I am a terrible but extremely committed 35mm film photographer these days, and San Vansterdam made me want to skate, sure, but it also made me want to bust out my Canon point-and-shoot, in exactly the way a lot of cozy games do. And this is something EA appears to be aware of too.

“I think we all to some degree talk about film and filmic things and how things look through the camera quite a lot,” Seamster laughs. “We all just happen to love things that happen on camera. But it also is a very specific tie to the history of skate culture. Photography and videography of skating over the years have [been interlinked].”

Perhaps because of that, the team’s attuned to the way that photography can change a place just like skating can – like any activity done with thought and passion can. “I can’t believe I’m going here,” he laughs, “but, like, macro gardening photography is a very specific way of looking at the world, for example. And if you talk about Skate and skateboarding, we talk about how we frame screenshots and how we capture our own footage: there’s a way of positioning the camera, to bias the action and show action opportunity, and to frame things up. And it turns into this cool new appreciation. And I have even found myself in my own photography – I take photos in cities – approaching things in a very different way than I would have otherwise [as a result of Skate.] I’m getting down close to things.

“And it’s like, this is a cool thing to look at, but this is also a great thing to grind, or a great thing to launch over.” He laughs. “Or whatever else it might be.”



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August 27, 2025 0 comments
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The Framework Desktop and Linux have shown me the path to PC gaming in the living room
Product Reviews

The Framework Desktop and Linux have shown me the path to PC gaming in the living room

by admin August 24, 2025


I’ve long dreamed of doing all my gaming on PC — a single platform that’s easily upgradeable and lets me play my overstuffed Steam library wherever and however I like. The Steam Deck is a fantastic handheld, but for my living room, I want something more powerful that works as well on my TV as it does at a desk. Believe me, I’ve tried. Gaming laptops are noisy and awkward, desktops are too chunky, and Windows is annoying to navigate without a keyboard and mouse. I had hoped that Valve’s Steam Machine experiment was my ticket, but it crashed and burned long ago. Nothing’s ever been as easy as a PlayStation 5.

But I’m newly optimistic. I’ve spent the past couple weeks using the Framework Desktop with a clever Linux distro called Bazzite: an open-source take on SteamOS. It’s a lot like installing the Steam Deck’s game mode and Proton compatibility layer for playing Windows games, and you can still optionally access a desktop for work too. It took me less than an hour to set up, and I’m now able to play PC games on my TV at 4K / 60fps — on a box that is smaller than a PS5, doesn’t get too noisy, and can be woken up from my couch with a gamepad.

This combo matches the simplicity of a docked Steam Deck, but it’s so much more powerful. And while a Framework Desktop isn’t as portable as a handheld — or even a laptop — it’s easy to move from room to room. I’ve even taken to working from it at my desk during the day, then moving it to the living room for after-hours game time. Sometimes you don’t want to play games in the same place you just worked for nine hours.

I so very badly want this to be the future of PC gaming.

It’s the year of Linux on the desktop in the living room.

The Framework Desktop is an ideal vessel for a Steam Machine-like experience. At 4.5 liters, it’s much smaller than most living room gaming computers, and much more powerful than your average home theater PC or streaming box. It’s way more expensive than a PS5 Pro — the Desktop starts at $1,099, or $1,999 for the AI Max+ 395 version I tested here with 16 CPU cores, 40 graphics cores, and 128GB of RAM — but it’s also much more than a gaming console.

I loved the Framework Desktop as a full Windows PC when I reviewed it earlier in August. And Bazzite is one of the easiest and most user-friendly desktop Linux incarnations. Bazzite makes it easier than ever to break away from Windows if you’re boycotting Microsoft, looking for an escape from Windows 10 before it’s cut off from updates in October, or just tired of Windows 11’s incessant pushing of services you don’t care about and attempts to extract recurring revenue from your wallet. The installer is easy, there’s a very capable OS if you switch over to desktop mode with a mouse and keyboard, and if you still need Windows for specific apps or games, you can always dual boot, like I did.

The Framework Desktop makes a nice fit in a TV stand with a Switch 2 and PlayStation 5.

Most people are not going to move a PC back and forth from the living room to the office, but this convertible setup works great with the Framework.

The only drawbacks I found were when I needed to run apps that aren’t compatible (like Adobe’s Creative Cloud suite) or the inevitable moments I had to open the Terminal to run simple commands. Many essential apps have native Linux support, like Chrome, Slack, Signal, Spotify, and Discord. And plenty of others can run with some compatibility help via Wine. But if much of your work and everyday computing needs are web-based, you’re good as gold on Linux.

Using Bazzite in desktop mode took me back to the days when I experimented with Ubuntu “Gutsy Gibbon” in college. (Didn’t we all give in to the temptation of the cube back then?) Linux is genuinely fun to use and tinker with. And Bazzite has a nice, somewhat no-frills aesthetic I admire.

1/4Bazzite has a clean and tidy look in desktop mode.

Linux can and will drive the uninitiated down many rabbit holes, with lots of Googling how to do little things you take for granted on Windows and macOS, like understanding what the hell the KDE Wallet Service is (it’s for managing passwords) or remapping the Caps Lock key. I gave up on the latter and just remapped it at the hardware level on my keyboard with VIA.

But small frustrations aside, both the gaming side and desktop side of Bazzite are fantastic. While my job of reviewing laptops will always mean extensively using Windows, macOS, and some ChromeOS, it’s been kind of freeing to break away (even if just for a little bit) from the oppressive grips of the big three.

Now, if you’re interested in trying Bazzite and living a bit of that Linux life yourself, here’s how I set it up. It’s not totally foolproof, but it’s straightforward if you’re the tinkering type and can follow some simple guides (which I’ll link to).

The second NVMe slot on the Framework Desktop’s main board makes the Windows and Linux dual boot setup super easy. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

A Noctua fan is ideal for the Framework Desktop, especially if you’re using it in your living room. It’s a lot quieter than the cheaper Cooler Master option. Photo: Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge

Since I already had Windows 11 installed from my review of the Framework Desktop, I opted to install Bazzite on the second internal NVMe drive. You can dual boot from a single drive, with some precautionary measures, but it’s not uncommon to find forumgoers warning that Windows 11 can disrupt things like the boot order after running an update. Since sharing game files across Windows and Linux is also complicated, I decided to keep the OSes completely separate — which helped reinforce my work / play separation. I use the Bazzite drive for most of my gaming needs and boot into Windows when I need it for work (running Lightroom Classic for photo editing) or games that require it (PC Game Pass games, multiplayer titles with stricter anti-cheat measures, etc.).

I followed Bazzite’s official guide, cross-referenced Framework’s tutorial for the Laptop 16, and I was living the Linux life in less than an hour. Bazzite’s site has a user-friendly ISO picker for downloading the file you need to install the OS — typically by burning the ISO to a USB flash drive using a tool like Rufus. If you prefer video to written guides, Mike’s Tech Tips on YouTube is an invaluable resource, with a pleasant, calming voiceover to boot.

I only encountered one technical issue running Bazzite: There was no audio coming through the HDMI connection to my TV, despite my attempts to select “External Device” or “Default (External Device)” as my source. For some reason, this was fixed by entering desktop mode and switching the source there. It’s worked fine since.

It’s easy to alter the boot order of the Framework Desktop to prioritize the Bazzite drive. Booting up puts it right into Bazzite and its Steam Deck-like Big Picture Mode. And then, to access Windows without restarting and mashing an F-key to get to the boot menu, you can set up a script to reboot into Windows right from Bazzite’s Steam interface. You just go into the Bazzite desktop, open the Terminal, and type in the ujust code below. It does the work for you and adds a “boot-windows” option to the Steam Library.

Code: ujust setup-boot-windows-steam

Bazzite’s Game Mode Home Screen is basically Steam’s Big Picture Mode. You can see my “reboot into Windows” shortcut in the top row.

As far as Linux has come, the Framework Desktop, or any other PC running Bazzite, probably isn’t the one gaming PC to rule my living room. Setting aside the requisite tinkering, there are still games it cannot play, either because they’re from services that aren’t supported (like PC Game Pass) or they reject Linux because they fear cheaters (like Fortnite or Valorant or the Battlefield 6 beta).

But color me impressed by Bazzite and even further by the Framework Desktop. I see why Bazzite has been gaining popularity with PC gamers. The time is ripe for Steam Machines to make a triumphant return, and I think this time it can work. Bazzite and devices like the Steam Deck and Framework Desktop are all showing the way.

Photography and screenshots by Antonio G. Di Benedetto / The Verge.

Cyberpunk 2077 is demanding in 4K, but the Framework with Bazzite runs it decently. Image: CD Projekt Red

In my review, I found that the Framework Desktop is best equipped for 2.5K gaming, but the top-end Ryzen AI Max Plus 395 APU I’m using in this “Steam Machine” setup can do 4K at 60-ish frames per second on a TV. How smooth it runs and how good it looks depends on the game. Here’s a brief overview of some games I’ve been playing on it:

  • Cyberpunk 2077: Playing Cyberpunk at 4K at around 60fps meant setting it to medium preset (no ray tracing, of course) with FSR set to balanced, and it looked and played great. Flipping on some “fake frames” with frame generation pushed it into the mid-80s. Not bad at all!
  • Helldivers 2: It plays and looks great in 4K with medium settings and render scale set to balanced, hovering around the mid-60s. In busier areas it sinks to the 50s and briefly into the 40s when there are big explosions.
  • Street Fighter 6: SF6 is meant to be locked at 1080/60, which is no problem. You can push it to 4K and still get a solid 60fps with most details and settings set to “normal” (medium).
  • Monster Hunter Wilds: This is a bit of a torture test, due to Wilds’ infamously poor PC performance (though it’s been slowly improving). The game defaulted to FSR Ultra Performance mode and the lowest texture settings, which makes it look like a PlayStation 3 game. To keep things in 4K and actually looking decent I used FSR Performance and medium textures and turned on frame generation — this kept frame rates in the 70s or close to 80, which could bump to over 100 by dropping down to 2560 x 1440. Textures still aren’t great, but that’s just kind of how Wilds is unless you’re on top-tier hardware. It manages to play well overall and look solid.
  • Elden Ring Nightreign: Just as on Windows, Nightreign plays at 4K / 50-ish on medium settings, or locked in at the 60fps max if bumped down to 2.5K. (Boy, what I’d give for a FromSoftware title with FSR / DLSS support.)
  • Peak: A-okay at 4K on medium settings, with frame rates well into the 80s or higher.

Although some Windows games run better on Linux than on Windows, not all do. Black Myth: Wukong was about the same on either platform, but Cyberpunk 2077 actually ran 15fps slower in my benchmarks on Linux than in Windows with the same settings.

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August 24, 2025 0 comments
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